csum-file: introduce checksum_valid()

csum-file: introduce checksum_valid()

Introduce a new function which checks the validity of a file's trailing
checksum. This is similar to hashfd_check(), but different since it is
intended to be used by callers who aren't writing the same data (like
`git index-pack --verify`), but who instead want to validate the
integrity of data that they are reading.

Rewrite the first of two callers which could benefit from this new
function in pack-check.c. Subsequent callers will be added in the
following patches.

Helped-by: Jeff King <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Jeff King <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Taylor Blau <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <redacted>