oid_pos(): access table through const pointers

oid_pos(): access table through const pointers

When we are looking up an oid in an array, we obviously don't need to
write to the array. Let's mark it as const in the function interfaces,
as well as in the local variables we use to derference the void pointer
(note a few cases use pointers-to-pointers, so we mark everything
const).

Signed-off-by: Jeff King <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <redacted>