cache: add a function to read an object ID from a buffer

cache: add a function to read an object ID from a buffer

In various places throughout the codebase, we need to read data into a
struct object_id from a pack or other unsigned char buffer.  Add an
inline function that does this based on the current hash algorithm in
use, and use it in several places.

Signed-off-by: brian m. carlson <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <redacted>