transport: refactor protocol whitelist code

transport: refactor protocol whitelist code

The current callers only want to die when their transport is
prohibited. But future callers want to query the mechanism
without dying.

Let's break out a few query functions, and also save the
results in a static list so we don't have to re-parse for
each query.

Based-on-a-patch-by: Blake Burkhart <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Jeff King <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <redacted>