odb/transaction: add transaction env interface

odb/transaction: add transaction env interface

The ODB transaction backend is responsible for creating/managing its own
staging area for writing objects. Other child processes spawned by Git
may need access to uncommitted objects or write new objects in the
staging area though.

Introduce `odb_transaction_env()` which is expected to provide the set
of environment variables needed by a child process to access the
transaction's staging area.

Signed-off-by: Justin Tobler <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <redacted>