allow cloning a repository "shallowly"

allow cloning a repository "shallowly"

By specifying a depth, you can now clone a repository such that
all fetched ancestor-chains' length is at most "depth". For example,
if the upstream repository has only 2 branches ("A" and "B"), which
are linear, and you specify depth 3, you will get A, A~1, A~2, A~3,
B, B~1, B~2, and B~3. The ends are automatically made shallow
commits.

Signed-off-by: Johannes Schindelin <redacted>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <redacted>